The historical mortality chart captures deaths per 100,000 — the dominant 19th–20th century metric. For the modern era, case counts tell the more meaningful story: deaths from measles and pertussis are now near-zero thanks to vaccines, but case resurgences signal vaccine coverage gaps with real public health consequences. Data below sourced directly from CDC NNDSS, CDC measles surveillance, and UKHSA.
| Metric | 2024 (final) | 2025 (full year, prelim.) | 2026 (thru Apr 30, prelim.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total confirmed cases | 285 | 2,288 | 1,814 |
| Outbreaks (≥3 linked cases) | 16 | 48 | 24 (ongoing) |
| Outbreak-associated cases | 69% | 90% | 93% |
| Jurisdictions reporting | 32 | 45 | 37 |
| Age distribution | |||
| Under 5 years | 42% (120) | 26% (584) | 21% (388) |
| 5–19 years | 31% (88) | 44% (1,016) | 51% (928) |
| 20+ years | 27% (77) | 30% (675) | 27% (492) |
| Vaccination status | |||
| Unvaccinated or unknown | 89% | 93% | 92% |
| One MMR dose | 7% | 3% | 4% |
| Two MMR doses | 4% | 4% | 4% |
| Hospitalizations | |||
| Overall hospitalized | 40% (114) | 11% (243) | 6% (105) |
| Under 5 hospitalized | 52% (62/120) | 18% (106/584) | 9% (35/388) |
| 5–19 hospitalized | 25% (22/88) | 6% (58/1,016) | 3% (29/928) |
| 20+ hospitalized | 39% (30/77) | 12% (79/675) | 8% (40/492) |
| Deaths | — | 3 | 0 |
| MMR kindergarten coverage | 93.1% (2023–24 SY) | 92.5% (2024–25 SY) | ~92.5% est. |
| Year | U.S. Cases (NNDSS) | England Cases (UKHSA) | England Deaths | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 6,124 | ~200 | ~0 | COVID suppression |
| 2021 | 2,116 | ~100 | ~0 | Pandemic low |
| 2022 | 3,044 | ~550 | ~1 | Recovering |
| 2023 | 7,063 | 856 | ~2 | Finalized / increasing |
| 2024 | 43,321 | 14,894 | 22 | Surge — highest since 2012 (US) |
| 2025 | 28,783 | est. 3,500–4,000 | est. 5–8 | Provisional — declining from 2024 peak |
| 2026 | Pending | Pending | — | Surveillance ongoing |
| Year | U.S. Cases | U.S. Rate (per 100k) | England Cases | England Rate (per 100k) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7,170 | 2.2 | — | — | COVID-19 disruption |
| 2021 | 7,866 | 2.4 | — | — | Recovery begins |
| 2022 | 8,335 | 2.5 | — | — | Finalized |
| 2023 | 9,626 | 2.9 | 4,850 | 8.5 | Above pre-COVID level |
| 2024 | 10,388 | 3.1 | 5,480 | 9.5 | 4th consecutive yr increase (US) |
| 2025 | 10,260 | 3.0 | — | — | Provisional; slight decrease |
*2026 measles case count (1,814) is confirmed cases through April 30, 2026. Pertussis and TB 2026 data not yet available. England pertussis 2024 deaths: 11 infant deaths + 11 deaths age ≥1 year (UKHSA Annual Report 2024). MMR coverage: CDC VaxView survey of U.S. kindergarteners. TB rates: CDC NCHS / UKHSA DTBE. Sources: CDC measles surveillance (May 1, 2026 update) · CDC NNDSS pertussis data · CDC TB Surveillance Report 2024 · UKHSA Pertussis Annual Report 2024 · UKHSA TB in England 2025 Report.
Government civil registration of deaths by cause, England & Wales. Now published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Foundational source for all 19th–20th century E&W disease mortality data.
U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. "Vital Statistics of the United States," annual volumes. Death rates and case counts by cause. cdc.gov/nchs
"Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century." Population Studies, 16(2), 94–122. Foundational analysis of TB and infectious disease decline.
"The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 55(3), 405–428.
"The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline c.1850–1914." Social History of Medicine, 1(1), 1–37.
Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition. Leicester University Press. Comprehensive historical epidemiology of England & Wales.
The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856–1900. Oxford University Press.
"The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The Twentieth-Century United States." Demography, 42(1), 1–22.
Mortality and health statistics including TB, measles, and cholera. who.int/data/gho
Cause-specific mortality estimates with uncertainty intervals, 1990–2019. healthdata.org
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook
History and Geography of the Most Important Diseases. Hafner. Historical context for cholera pandemics and typhus.
Confirmed U.S. measles case counts 2000–2026 including demographics (age, vaccination status, hospitalizations, deaths) and outbreak tallies. cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html
NNDSS reported case counts 1922–2025; incidence by age group 1990–2025; provisional 2024–2025 data. cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/index.html
Annual TB cases, incidence rates, deaths, and mortality rates per 100,000 U.S. population, 1953–2024. 2025 provisional data: 10,260 cases, rate 3.0/100k. cdc.gov/tb-surveillance-report-2024/data/incidence-mortality.html
14,894 confirmed cases in England; 11 infant deaths; 11 additional deaths age ≥1 year; maternal vaccine effectiveness ~91%. gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-laboratory-confirmed-cases-reported-in-england-2024
5,480 TB notifications in England in 2024 (rate 9.5/100k), 13% increase over 2023. Trend reversal confirmed — rates now above pre-COVID levels. gov.uk/government/publications/tuberculosis-in-england-2025-report
⚠ Historical mortality values (main chart) are crude death rates per 100,000 total population. Pre-1838 (E&W) and pre-1900 (US) data involve scholarly estimation. Decade-level data points are used for 1820–2010; annual data used from 2011 onward. Modern case counts (resurgence section) are reported confirmed cases, not death rates. Logarithmic scale is recommended to visualize the full historical range. U.S. TB death rate for 2020 reflects CDC NCHS figure of 600 deaths (331M pop), revised from earlier decade estimate.